{"id":1586,"date":"2024-02-17T22:06:25","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T21:06:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestfreetour.com\/?page_id=1586"},"modified":"2024-02-17T23:38:09","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T22:38:09","slug":"spain","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bestfreetour.com\/es\/spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Spain"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Spain<\/strong>, country<\/a> located in extreme southwestern Europe<\/a>. It occupies about 85 percent of the Iberian Peninsula<\/a>, which it shares with its smaller neighbour Portugal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Spain\"\/<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Spain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andalusia, Spain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A village in Andalusia, Spain, showing housing typical of the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain is a storied country of stone castles, snowcapped mountains, vast monuments, and sophisticated cities, all of which have made it a favoured travel destination. The country is geographically and culturally diverse<\/a>. Its heartland is the Meseta<\/a>, a broad central plateau<\/a> half a mile above sea level<\/a>. Much of the region is traditionally given over to cattle<\/a> ranching and grain production<\/a>; it was in this rural setting that Miguel de Cervantes<\/a>\u2019s Don Quixote<\/a> tilted at the tall windmills that still dot the landscape in several places. In the country\u2019s northeast are the broad valley of the Ebro River<\/a>, the mountainous region of Catalonia<\/a>, and the hilly coastal plain of Valencia<\/a>. To the northwest is the Cantabrian Mountains<\/a>, a rugged range in which heavily forested, rain-swept valleys are interspersed with tall peaks. To the south is the citrus-orchard-rich and irrigated lands of the valley of the Guadalquivir River<\/a>, celebrated in the renowned lyrics of Spanish poets Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca<\/a> and Antonio Machado<\/a>; over this valley rises the snowcapped Sierra Nevada<\/a>. The southern portion of the country is desert, an extension of the Sahara made familiar to Americans through the \u201cspaghetti western\u201d films of the 1960s and early \u201970s. Lined with palm trees, rosemary bushes, and other tropical vegetation, the southeastern Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands<\/a> enjoy a gentle climate, drawing millions of visitors and retirees, especially from northern Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcazar of Toledo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcazar (fortress) of Toledo, Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Puerta de Alcal\u00e1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Puerta de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barcelona: Torre Agbar<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torre Agbar skyscraper at night in Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain\u2019s countryside is quaint, speckled with castles, aqueducts, and ancient ruins, but its cities are resoundingly modern. The Andalusian capital of Sevilla<\/a> (Seville) is famed for its musical culture<\/a> and traditional folkways; the Catalonian capital of Barcelona<\/a> for its secular<\/a> architecture and maritime industry; and the national capital of Madrid<\/a> for its winding streets, its museums and bookstores, and its around-the-clock lifestyle. Madrid is Spain\u2019s largest city and is also its financial and cultural centre, as it has been for hundreds of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britannica Quiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Country Quiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christopher Columbus’s fleet<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Illustration depicting Christopher Columbus’s fleet departing from Spain in 1492.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1492, the year the last of the Moorish<\/a> rulers were expelled from Spain<\/a>, ships under the command of Christopher Columbus<\/a> reached America<\/a>. For 300 years afterward, Spanish explorers and conquerors traveled the world, claiming huge territories for the Spanish crown<\/a>, a succession of Castilian, Aragonese, Habsburg<\/a>, and Bourbon<\/a> rulers. For generations Spain was arguably the richest country in the world, and certainly the most far-flung. With the steady erosion of its continental and overseas empire throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, however, Spain was all but forgotten in world affairs, save for the three years that the ideologically charged Spanish Civil War<\/a> (1936\u201339) put the country at the centre of the world\u2019s stage, only to become ever more insular and withdrawn during the four decades of rule by dictator Francisco Franco<\/a>. Following Franco\u2019s death in 1975, a Bourbon king, Juan Carlos<\/a>, returned to the throne and established a constitutional monarchy<\/a>. The country has been ruled since then by a succession of elected governments, some socialist, some conservative<\/a>, but all devoted to democracy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Land<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ibiza<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibiza city and port, Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain is bordered to the west by Portugal; to the northeast it borders France<\/a>, from which it is separated by the tiny principality of Andorra<\/a> and by the great wall of the Pyrenees<\/a> Mountains. Spain\u2019s only other land border is in the far south with Gibraltar<\/a>, an enclave that belonged to Spain until 1713, when it was ceded to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession<\/a>. Elsewhere the country is bounded by water: by the Mediterranean Sea<\/a> to the east and southeast, by the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> to the northwest and southwest, and by the Bay of Biscay<\/a> (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north. The Canary (Canarias) Islands<\/a>, in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwestern African mainland, and the Balearic (Baleares) Islands<\/a>, in the Mediterranean, also are parts of Spain, as are Ceuta<\/a> and Melilla<\/a>, two small enclaves in North Africa<\/a> (northern Morocco) that Spain has ruled for centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Students save 67%! Learn more about our special academic rate today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relief<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La Mancha<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isolated farmstead in the region of La Mancha in the southern Meseta Central, south-central Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teide Peak, Canary Islands, Spain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teide Peak on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iberian Peninsula; International Space Station<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Iberian Peninsula seen from the International Space Station, July 26, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain accounts for five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the roughly quadrilateral southwestern tip of Europe that separates the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of Spain comprises<\/a> a large plateau (the Meseta Central<\/a>) divided by a mountain range, the Central Sierra (Sistema Central), which trends west-southwest to east-northeast. Several mountains border the plateau: the Cantabrian Mountains<\/a> (Cordillera Cant\u00e1brica) to the north, the Iberian Cordillera (Sistema Ib\u00e9rico) to the northeast and east, the Sierra Morena<\/a> to the south, and the lower mountains of the Portuguese frontier and Spanish Galicia to the northwest. The Pyrenees run across the neck of the peninsula and form Spain\u2019s border with France. There are two major depressions, that of the Ebro<\/a> River in the northeast and that of the Guadalquivir River<\/a> in the southwest. In the southeast the Baetic Cordillera<\/a> (Sistema Penib\u00e9tico) runs broadly parallel to the coast to merge with the mountains of the Iberian Cordillera. Along the Mediterranean seaboard there are coastal plains, some with lagoons (e.g., Albufera, south of Valencia<\/a>). Offshore in the Mediterranean, the Balearic Islands are an unsubmerged portion of the Baetic Cordillera. The Canary Islands<\/a> in the Atlantic are of volcanic origin and contain the highest peak on Spanish territory, Teide Peak<\/a>, which rises to 12,198 feet (3,718 metres) on the island of Tenerife<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain has some of the oldest as well as some of the youngest rocks of Europe. The entire western half of Iberia<\/a>, with the exception of the extreme south, is composed of ancient (Hercynian<\/a>) rocks; geologists refer to this Hercynian block as the Meseta Central<\/a>. It constitutes<\/a> a relatively stable platform around which younger sediments accumulated, especially on the Mediterranean side. In due course these sediments were pushed by major earth movements into mountain ranges. The term meseta<\/em> is also used by geographers and local toponymy to designate the dominating relief unit of central Iberia. As a result, the Meseta Central defined by relief is subdivided by geology into a crystalline west (granites and gneisses) and a sedimentary east (mainly clays and limestones). The northern Meseta Central, which has an average elevation of 2,300 feet (700 metres), corresponds to the tablelands, or plateau, of Castile and Le\u00f3n<\/a>, although it is in fact a basin<\/a> surrounded by mountains and drained by the Douro (Duero) River. The southern Meseta Central (the Meseta of Castile\u2013La Mancha) is some 330 feet (100 metres) lower. Its relief is more diverse, however, owing to heavy faulting and warping caused by volcanic activity<\/a> around the Calatrava Plain and to two complex river systems (the Guadiana and the Tagus) separated by mountains. Its southern plains rise gradually to the Sierra Morena. The southeastern side of this range drops almost vertically by more than 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) to the Guadalquivir depression. Dividing the northern and southern Mesetas are the Central Sierras, one of the outstanding features of the Iberian massif. Their highest points\u2014Pe\u00f1alara Peak at 7,972 feet (2,430 metres) and Almanzor Peak at 8,497 feet (2,590 metres)\u2014rise well above the plains of the central plateau<\/a>. In contrast, the granitic Galician mountains, at the northwestern end of the Hercynian block, have an average elevation of only 1,640 feet (500 metres), decreasing toward the deeply indented (ria<\/a>) coast of the Atlantic seaboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part of Alpine Europe, the Pyrenees<\/a> form a massive mountain range that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to the Bay of Biscay, a distance of some 270 miles (430 km). The range comprises a series of parallel zones: the central axis, a line of intermediate depressions, and the pre-Pyrenees. The highest peaks, formed from a core of ancient crystalline rocks, are found in the central Pyrenees\u2014notably Aneto Peak<\/a> at 11,168 feet (3,404 metres)\u2014but those of the west, including Anie Peak<\/a> at 8,213 feet (2,503 metres), are not much lower. The mountains fall steeply on the northern side but descend<\/a> in terraces to the Ebro River trough in the south. The outer zones of the Pyrenees are composed of sedimentary rocks. Relief on the nearly horizontal sedimentary strata of the Ebro depression is mostly plain or plateau, except at the eastern end where the Ebro River penetrates the mountains to reach the Mediterranean Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A series of sierras trending northwest-southeast forms the Iberian Cordillera, which separates the Ebro depression from the Meseta and reaches its highest elevation with Moncayo Peak at 7,588 feet (2,313 metres). In the southeast the Iberian Cordillera links with the Baetic Cordillera<\/a>, also a result of Alpine earth movements. Although more extensive\u2014more than 500 miles (800 km) long and up to 150 miles (240 km) wide\u2014and with peninsular<\/a> Spain\u2019s highest summit<\/a>, Mulhac\u00e9n Peak<\/a>, at 11,421 feet (3,481 metres), the Baetic ranges are more fragmented and less of a barrier than the Pyrenees. On their northern and northwestern sides they flank the low-lying and fairly flat Guadalquivir basin, the average elevation of which is only 426 feet (130 metres) on mainly clay strata. Unlike the Ebro basin, the Guadalquivir depression is wide open to the sea on the southwest, and its delta has extensive marshland (Las Marismas<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drainage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

J\u00facar River and a 14th-century castle<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The J\u00facar River flowing past a 14th-century castle at Cofrentes, Valencia, Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although some maintain that \u201caridity rivals civil war as the chief curse of [historic] Spain,\u201d the Iberian Peninsula has a dense network of streams, three of which rank among Europe\u2019s longest: the Tagus<\/a> at 626 miles (1,007 km), the Ebro<\/a> at 565 miles (909 km), and the Douro<\/a> at 556 miles (895 km). The Guadiana<\/a> and the Guadalquivir<\/a> are 508 miles (818 km) and 408 miles (657 km) long, respectively. The Tagus, like the Douro and the Guadiana, reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Portugal. In fact, all the major rivers of Spain except the Ebro drain into the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrographic network on the Mediterranean side of the watershed<\/a> is poorly developed in comparison with the Atlantic systems, partly because it falls into the climatically driest parts of Spain. However, nearly all Iberian rivers have low annual volume, irregular regimes, and deep valleys and even canyons. Flooding is always a potential hazard. The short, swift streams of Galicia<\/a> and Cantabria<\/a>, draining to the northwestern and northern coasts, respectively, have only a slight or, at most, modest summer minimum. The predominant fluvial regime in Spain is thus characterized by a long or very long summer period of low water. This is the regime of all the major arteries that drain the Meseta as well as those of the Mediterranean seaboard, such as the J\u00facar<\/a> and the Segura<\/a>: for example, from August to September the Guadiana River usually has less than one-tenth of its average annual flow. Only the Ebro River has a relatively constant and substantial flow\u201419,081 cubic feet (540 cubic metres) per second at Tortosa\u2014coming from snowmelt as well as rainfall in the high Pyrenees. In comparison, the flow of the Douro is only 5,050 cubic feet (143 cubic metres) per second. The flow of many Iberian streams has been reduced artificially by water extraction for purposes such as irrigation. Subterranean flow is well-developed in limestone districts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soils<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There are five major soil types in Spain. Two are widely distributed but of limited extent: alluvial soils, found in the major valleys and coastal plains, and poorly developed, or truncated<\/a>, mountain soils. Brown forest soils are restricted to humid Galicia and Cantabria<\/a>. Acidic southern brown earths (leading to restricted crop choice) are prevalent on the crystalline rocks of the western Meseta, and gray, brown, or chestnut soils have developed on the calcareous and alkaline strata of the eastern Meseta and of eastern Spain in general. Saline soils are found in the Ebro basin and coastal lowlands. Calcretes (subsoil zonal crusts [toscas], usually of hardened calcium carbonate) are particularly well-developed in the arid regions of the east: La Mancha<\/a>, Almer\u00eda<\/a>, Murcia<\/a>, Alicante<\/a> (Alacant), and Valencia<\/a>, as well as the Ebro and Lleida<\/a> (L\u00e9rida) basins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil erosion resulting from the vegetation degradation<\/a> suffered by Spain for at least the past 3,000 years has created extensive badlands, reduced soil cover, downstream alluviation, and, more recently, silting of dams and irrigation works. Particularly affected are the high areas of the central plateau and southern and eastern parts of Spain. Although the origins of some of the spectacular badlands of southeastern Spain, such as Guadix<\/a>, may lie in climatic conditions from earlier in Quaternary time (beginning 2.6 million years ago), one of the major problems of modern Spain is the threat of desertification\u2014i.e., the impoverishment of arid, semiarid, and even some humid ecosystems caused by the joint impact of human activities and drought<\/a>. Nearly half of Spain is moderately or severely affected, especially in the arid east (Almer\u00eda, Murcia), as well as in much of subarid Spain (the Ebro basin). The government has adopted policies of afforestation, but some authorities believe that natural vegetation regrowth would yield more speedy and more permanent benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate of Spain<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Spain is characterized by the overlap of one fundamental climatic division (between humid and semiarid and arid zones) by another (the threefold division of the peninsula into maritime, continental, and mountain climates). This complexity results from the peninsula\u2019s size, which is large enough to generate a continental thermal regime; its location close to the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> and North Africa<\/a>, exposing it to both maritime<\/a> and Saharan influences; and its mountainous relief, which not only produces its own climatic zones but also exaggerates local aridity through the creation of rain shadows on the mountains\u2019 leeward sides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pyrenees<\/a> and the Cantabrian ranges play an important role in the Spanish climate, holding the warm, dry subtropical airstream over Spain during the summer months. In general, westerly winds from the North Atlantic are dominant most of the year, while the warm, dry Saharan airstream blows less frequently. Some local or seasonal winds are notable: the easterly levante<\/em> (levanter<\/a>) can bring as many as 15 consecutive days of dry, clear weather to the coastal strip in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar; the leveche<\/em> brings a hot, dry, dust-laden wind that blights<\/a> vegetation in spring from the southern sector to the Spanish Levantine lowlands (the provinces of Castell\u00f3n<\/a>, Valencia<\/a>, and Alicante); and in spring and summer a wind from the same sector, the solano<\/em>, carries unbearably hot, dry, suffocating weather over the Andalusian plain. Northern Spain, from Galicia<\/a> to northern Catalonia<\/a> (Catalunya, or Catalu\u00f1a), is characterized by a temperate humid or maritime type of climate, having high rainfall and an average temperature in January of 43 \u00b0F (6 \u00b0C) near the coast but less than that inland and in the mountains. A Coru\u00f1a<\/a> (La Coru\u00f1a) has a moderate annual temperature, ranging from 48 \u00b0F (9 \u00b0C) in winter to 64 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C) in summer, and the annual rainfall is about 38 inches (965 mm). The rest of the peninsula has a Mediterranean type of climate with continental tendencies\u2014i.e., hot toward the coast, relatively cold in the interior, humid only in the mountains, and dry elsewhere. Thus Albacete<\/a>, in the southeastern part of the southern Meseta, varies between 40 \u00b0F (4 \u00b0C) in the winter and 75 \u00b0F (24 \u00b0C) in the summer, while the annual rainfall is less than 15 inches (380 mm). The valleys of the Ebro and the Guadalquivir also have a continental climate, the Ebro drier and colder and the Guadalquivir warmer and more humid. Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands<\/a> enjoy more temperate weather, with higher rainfall in Catalonia, while the Canary Islands<\/a> have a subtropical Atlantic climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plant and animal life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vegetation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nearly half of Spain is covered by spontaneous vegetation of some sort, but only a small proportion (largely confined to the mountains) is classified as dense woodland. Northern Spain has heath and deciduous woodland (oak, beech). The mountains of the northern Meseta and the Iberian and Baetic cordilleras carry deciduous Portuguese oak; those of the central Pyrenees, the Iberian ranges, and the Central Sierras have diverse<\/a> pine species. The rest, more than half of Spain, has a Mediterranean vegetation<\/a> characterized by evergreen oak<\/a> (Quercus ilex<\/em>) and other drought-resistant plants commonly reduced to scrub status (matorral<\/em>). An esparto<\/a> grass (Lygeum spartum<\/a><\/em>) is found in the steppes of La Mancha<\/a> and the southeast; the esparto products of Spain (paper, rope, basketry), however, come from an associated alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima<\/a><\/em>). Poplar and eucalyptus have become widespread since the 19th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wildlife<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The proximity of Africa has given Spain more African species of wildlife than are found in the other Mediterranean peninsulas, while the Pyrenean barrier and the general extent of the country<\/a> explain the number of indigenous<\/a> species. The European wolf and the brown bear<\/a> survive in the scarce wild areas of the northeast. The Barbary ape<\/a> is possibly indigenous but is more likely an import from North Africa. It survives only under protection, at Gibraltar<\/a>. The wild boar, ibex (wild goat), and red and fallow deer<\/a> are more common. More than half of the bird species of Europe<\/a> are found in Coto Do\u00f1ana National Park<\/a>, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir; the Spanish imperial eagle and other large species such as the eagle owl<\/a>, the buzzard, and several varieties of pheasant are native to the high Pyrenees. Desert locusts have been known to invade southern Spain from North Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The country\u2019s waters contain a diversity<\/a> of fish and shellfish, especially in the southeast where Atlantic and Mediterranean waters mix (the Albor\u00e1n Sea). Species include red mullet, mackerel, tuna, octopus, swordfish, pilchard (Sardinia pilchardus<\/em>), and anchovy<\/a> (Engraulis encrasicholus<\/em>). Demersal (bottom-dwelling) species include hake and whiting. Striped dolphin and the long-finned whale inhabit the waters off southeastern Spain, and the bottlenose dolphin<\/a> is found off the Ebro delta. Overfishing has tended to alter the balance of species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catherine Delano <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith<\/a>Vicente Rodriguez<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

All information come from Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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