Origins of the Nativity Scene Tradition
The tradition of crafting nativity scenes, or cribs, can be traced back to Saint Francis of Assisi, who in 1223 created the first living representation of the Nativity. The term “nativity scene” derives from the Latin word “praesepe,” meaning manger or enclosed space for livestock. By the fifteenth century, this tradition had evolved in Florence, where artisans specialized in producing chalk figures for cribs.
Innovative Cribs with Mechanical Animation
In Renaissance Florence, some nativity scenes were enhanced with intricate mechanical animations. One notable example was created by Bernardo Buontalenti for Francesco I de’ Medici, showcasing the technical ingenuity of the period.
The Influence of Renaissance Masters
The iconography of the nativity scene received a significant boost in the fifteenth century through the works of prominent painters and sculptors. Key contributions include:
- Sandro Botticelli: In The Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi Gallery, Florence), Botticelli depicted members of the Medici family.
- Giotto di Bondone: His Nativity fresco in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua became a hallmark of nativity art.
- Luca and Andrea della Robbia: The Della Robbia family created exquisite terracotta nativity scenes. A renowned example can be found at the Convent of La Verna, while another, featuring a frescoed background by Benozzo Gozzoli, is located in Volterra Cathedral.
- Filippino Lippi: His Nativity is now housed in the Diocesan Museum of Milan.
- Piero della Francesca: His work dedicated to Christ’s birth is on display at the National Gallery in London.
- Correggio: His nativity artwork can be admired at the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan.
Festive Celebrations on Christmas Eve
On the evening of December 24th, Florence came alive with lively celebrations. Groups of revelers, accompanied by the sound of trumpets and lutes, sang cheerful songs and nursery rhymes. One popular rhyme, known as “Cicada,” was recited to children and went as follows:
“Ave, Maria del Ceppo, Angiolo Benedetto, the angel replied: my beautiful strain, bring me many things!”
This tradition highlights the joyful spirit and rich cultural practices of fifteenth-century Florence.
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